Figure 1 Predictor selection using a LASSO logistic regression model. (A) Penalty profile of scalar coefficients of 16 possible influencing factors. The 5-fold cross-validation of the minimum criterion was used to identify the optimal penalty coefficient in the LASSO model. (B) A dotted vertical line is drawn at the best value using the minimum standard and 1 standard error of the minimum standard (1-SE standard). Six features with non-zero coefficients resulted in the optimal lambda. Figure created with R software (version 4.2.0).